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Abstract

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key process in tumor progression and metastasis. Previous studies have shown that MCF10A human mammary epithelial cells undergo EMT when cultured at low cell density, but the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Here we show that the expression of proteasome genes and the proteasome activity increase in response to low cell density. Moreover, the proteasome inhibitor MG132 blocks EMT in sparse MCF10A cells. The transcription of E-cadherin gene is repressed in sparse MCF10A cells, but is recovered upon the treatment with MG132. While the mRNA levels of Snail and Slug are markedly elevated at low cell density, the steady state protein levels are similar between sparse and confluent cells. These results suggest that the suppression of E-cadherin gene expression in sparse MCF10A cells is likely caused by downregulation of its transcription activator(s) rather than upregulation of its repressors such as Snail and Slug. This study reveals that cell density-dependent EMT in MCF10A cells is regulated by proteasome activity.

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Keywords:

Proteasome; EMT; E-cadherin; Gene regulation; MCF10A cells

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Introduction

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial event in embryonic development, tissue remodeling, wound repair, and tumor metastasis [1-3]. During EMT, epithelial cells lose polarity and epithelial characteristics, but acquire mesenchymal characteristics of fibroblast-like morphology with cytoskeleton reorganization and increase of cell motility. EMT induction is accompanied with downregulation of epithelial makers such as E-cadherin and cytokeratin, and on the other hand, with upregulation of mesenchymal markers including N-cadherin and vimentin [4,5]. E-cadherin represents one of the best characterized markers of EMT. Transcriptional repression is thought to be a predominant mechanism that controls the expression of E-cadherin in most carcinomas. Several transcriptional repressors of E-cadherin have been characterized, including Snail (Snail1), Slug (Snail2), SIP-1(ZEB-2), δEF1 (ZEB-1) and Twist. These transcriptional repressors act as EMT inducers.

In cultured cells, EMT can be induced by cytokines and growth factors [1,6]. Induction of EMT appears to be highly tissue- and cell type-specific because EMT inducers have very different effects in different cells. MCF-10A is a spontaneously immortalized, but nontransformed human mammary epithelial cell line [7,8]. MCF10A cells exhibit numerous features of normal breast epithelia, including lack of tumorigenicity in nude mice and lack of anchorageindependent growth. MCF-10A cells are often used as a normal control in breast cancer studies and turn out to be a good model for understanding the process of EMT [9]. It has been shown that MCF10A cells undergo spontaneous morphologic and phenotypic EMT-like changes when cultured at low cell density [10,11]. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that cell density-dependent EMT in MCF10A cells is regulated by proteasome activity.

MCF10A cells were obtained from the cell bank at Karmanos Cancer Institute and maintained in DMEM/F12 with 5% horse serum (Invitrogen), 10 μg/ml of insulin (Sigma-Aldrich), 20 ng/ml of epidermal growth factor (Invitrogen), 0.5 μg/ml of hydrocortisone (Sigma-Aldrich), and 100 ng/ml of cholera toxin (Calbiochem). MG132 (carbobenzoxyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-Lleucinal) was purchased from Boston Biochem and prepared as 10 mM stock in DMSO.

Total RNA was isolated using Trizol Reagent (Invitrogen) and treated with DNase I to eliminate contaminated genomic DNA. cDNA was prepared using the Superscript III first strand synthesis kit (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. Real-time RT-PCR was performed using the SYBR Green PCR reagents (Applied Biosystems) according to the manufacturer’s instruction. PCR amplification was carried out in a GeneAmp 5700 Sequence Detection System (Applied Biosystems) under thermal cycling conditions (50°C for 2 min, an initial denaturation step at 95°C for 10 min, followed by 15s at 95°C and 1min at 60°C for 40 cycles). Relative quantification using GAPDH as an internal control was defined using the comparative Ct (threshold cycle) method. Oligo primers used in real-time PCRs are listed in Table 1.

Cells were harvested and lysed with RIPA buffer (50 mM Tris-HCI, pH 7.5, 150 mM sodium chloride, 1.0% NP-40, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate) containing protease inhibitor cocktail for 20 min at 4°C. The lysates were centrifuged at 14,000 rpm at 4°C for 15 min to remove debris. Protein concentrations were determined using the Bio-Rad Protein Assay kit. For immunoblotting analysis, 50 μg of cell lysates were separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride membranes (Millipore). Membranes were blocked in 0.2% PBS containing 0.1% casein for 1 h, and incubated respectively with anti-Snail and anti-Slug antibodies (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) for 2 h. After 3 washes, membranes were incubated with a secondary antibody conjugated with Alexa Fluor 680 (Invitrogen) for 40 min, and visualized using an Odyssey Infrared Imaging system (LI-COR Biosciences). Comparable input of cell extracts was confirmed by reprobing the blot with an anti-GAPDH antibody.

Cells were washed 3 times with ice-cold PBS and scraped for centrifugation. Cell pellets were resuspended in lysis buffer (50 mM Tris-Cl, PH 7.5, 10 mM MgCl2, 100 mM KCl, 1% Triton X-100, 10% glycerol, 1 mM DTT) and mixed with rotation at 4°C for 2 h. Extracts were centrifuged at 13,200 rpm for 10 min at 4°C. Protein concentrations were determined using Bradford Assay Kit (Bio-Rad). The chymotrypsin-like activity of proteasome was measured by using the fluoregenic Suc-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-AMC (Suc-LLVY-AMC) peptide substrate (Boston BioChem). Specifically, 20 μg of cell extract was incubated with 40 μM Suc-LLVY-AMC in 20 μl of assay buffer (50 mM Tris-Cl, pH 7.5) at 37°C for 1 h. The release of fluorescence signal (AMC group) was monitored with an excitation filter of 355 nm and an emission filter of 460 nm using a Spectramax Gemini XS microplate fluorometer (Molecular Devices).

All experiments were performed in triplicate. Results were analyzed by Student’s t-test and presented as mean ± SD.The transcription repressor Snail has been shown to play an important role in EMT through downregulation of E-cadherin expression by interacting with the proximal E-boxes of the E-cadherin promoter [4,5]. We found that the mRNA level of Snail markedly increased in sparse MCF10A cells (Figure 4A). However, the steady state level of Snail protein was only slightly higher in sparse than in confluent MCF10A cells (Figure 4B). We also compared the expression of Slug, another member of the conserved Snail family of transcription repressors, in low and high cell density cultures. Like Snail, the mRNA level of Slug is higher but the steady state protein level is similar in sparse MCF10A cells in comparison to their confluent counterparts (Figure 4A and 4B). The “discrepancy” between mRNA and protein levels may result from faster degradation of Snail and Slug in sparse cells due to their higher proteasome activity. It has been shown that Snail and Slug are unstable proteins and are degraded by the proteasome [19,20]. These results indicate that the suppression of E-cadherin expression in sparse MCF10A cells is unlikely caused by upregulation of Snail and Slug genes.

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Discussion

It is well known that MCF10A cells undergo spontaneous EMT-like phenotype changes depending on cell density. However, the signals and mechanisms triggering EMT are not completely understood. Previous studies have shown that the expression of E-cadherin and N-cadherin in MCF10A cells was dependent on cell confluence [10,11]. In this study, we confirm the early observations that the expression level of E-cadherin is lower and that of N-cadherin is higher in MCF10A cells at low density. More importantly, we reveal that the expression levels of proteasome genes and proteasome activity increase in sparse MCF10A cells. Interestingly, treatment of sparse MCF10A cells with proteasome inhibitor MG132 blocks EMT. These results indicate that proteasome gene expression is tightly regulated by cell density and that the increase of proteasome activity in response to low cell density plays a critical role in EMT of sparse MCF10A cells.

It is currently unclear how exactly the proteasome participates in EMT. Our data show that enhanced proteasome activity suppresses the expression of E-cadherin. Although the mRNA levels of Snail and Slug are markedly elevated at low cell density, the protein levels are similar between sparse and confluent cells. These results suggest that the suppression of E-cadherin gene expression in sparse MCF10A cells is likely caused by downregulation of its transcription activator(s) through proteasomal degradation instead of upregulation of its repressors such as Snail and Slug. It will be of great interest to identify the relevant transcription activators. Of note, there have been discrepant reports on the involvement of proteasome in EMT. For example, a recent study showed that inhibition of proteasome gene expression by TM4SF5 or treatment with MG132 caused EMT-like changes in SNU449 cells [6]. Perhaps, the discrepancy regarding the role of proteasome in EMT is attributed to the use of different cell lines in different studies. In fact, we found that the expression of proteasome genes is not affected by cell density in the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line (data not shown). Nevertheless, our study provides a plausible mechanism for EMT in sparse MCF10A cells.This work was supported in part by a fund from the Office of the Vice President for Research at Wayne State University (Y.X.).