After the introduction of efficient drug therapy, the surgical treatment of tuberculosis (Tb) has been partly abandoned in many parts of the world. The priority of Russia in the field of Tb surgery was pointed out. An overview of literature on the surgical treatment and bronchoscopy in Tb is provided here. Despite the lack of reliable clinical trial data on efficacy and safety of adjunctive surgical therapy, some countries of the former Soviet Union continue to perform numerous lung resections. Tuberculoma has been one of the most frequent indications for lung surgery in Tb patients, which is generally at variance with the international practice. Besides, the use of bronchoscopy in Tb is briefly overviewed. In conclusion, some papers containing questionable recommendations have remained without due commentaries, so that a persistence of suboptimal practices or reversion to them is not excluded.