Journal of Analytical & Molecular Techniques

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Research Article

Influence of the Biofield Energy Healing Treatment on the Physicochemical and Thermal Properties of Metronidazole

Trivedi D1, Trivedi MK1, Branton A1, Nayak G1 and Jana S2*

  • 1Trivedi Global, Inc., Henderson, USA
  • 2Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Bhopal, India
*Address for correspondence: Jana S, Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Bhopal, India. Tel:+91-022-25811234; E-mail: publication@trivedieffect.com
Citation: Trivedi D, Trivedi MK, Branton A, Nayak G, Jana S. Influence of the Biofield Energy Healing Treatment on the Physicochemical and Thermal Properties of Metronidazole. J Analyt Molecul Tech 2018;3(1): 7.
Journal of Analytical & Molecular Techniques | ISSN: 2474-1914 | Volume: 3, Issue: 1
Submission: 05 September, 2018| Accepted: 08 October, 2018 | Published: 10 October, 2018
Copyright: © 2018 Trivedi D. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Metronidazole is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of vaginosis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, etc., which are caused by the bacteria and parasites. The research work aimed to estimate the impact of the Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment on the physicochemical and thermal properties of metronidazoleusing modern analytical techniques. The test sample metronidazole was divided into control and treated sample. The control sample did not receive Biofield Energy Treatment; whereas the treated sample received the Biofield Treatment remotely by a renowned Biofield Energy Healer, Dahryn Trivedi. The particle size values were significantly increased by 14.37% (d10), 9.94% (d50), 7.9% (d90), and 9.41% [D(4,3)]; hence, the specific surface area was significantly decreased by 10.58% in the treated sample compared with the control sample. The PXRD peak intensities and crystallite sizes were significantly altered ranging from -97.25% to 401.64% and -63.08% to 344.35%, respectively, however, average crystallite size was significantly increased by 24.4% in the treated sample compared with the control sample. The latent heat of fusion and latent heat of decomposition were significantly increased by 7.64% and 12.13%, respectively in the treated sample compared to the control sample. The total weight loss was decreased by 1.34%; however, the residue amount was significantly increased by 76.46% in the treated sample compared with the control sample. The Biofield Energy Treatment might generate a new polymorphic form of metronidazole which would offer better powder flow ability and more thermos table compared with the control sample. The treated metronidazole would be very useful in designing better pharmaceutical formulations that might offer better therapeutic responses against the bacterial infections in the vagina, stomach, liver, skin, joints, brain, and respiratory tract, aspiration pneumonia, fungating wounds, rosacea, abdominal infections, periodontitis, amoebiasis, etc.

Keywords

Metronidazole; The trivedi effect®; Consciousness energy healing treatment; Particle size; Surface area; PXRD; DSC; TGA/DTG

Introduction

Metronidazoleis an antibiotic and useful against the diseases caused by the anaerobic bacteria and some of the parasites. It selectively blocks nucleic acid synthesis by disrupting the DNA of microbial cells and the parasites resulting in their death. It has the relatively little effect on human cells or aerobic bacteria, but this function only occurs in anaerobic cells [1,2]. It is used to treat bacterial infections in vagina (trichomoniasis), stomach infections (pseudomembranous colitis, giardiasis), liver, skin, joints (pelvic inflammatory disease, abscess of the ovaries and fallopian tubes), brain, and respiratory tract, aspiration pneumonia, fungating wounds, rosacea, intraabdominal infections, lung abscess, periodontitis, amoebiasis, oral infections, and other infections caused by the anaerobic organisms such as Bacteroides, Clostridium, Helicobacter pylori, Fusobacterium, Dracunculus, Peptostreptococcus, and Prevotella species, etc. [2-5]. It is also used for the treatment of infections caused by Giardia in domestic animals [2,6]. Side effects of metronidazole therapy are nausea, headache, dizziness, diarrhea, loss of appetite, weight loss, abdominal cramp, vomiting, metallic taste in the mouth, thrombophlebitis, hypersensitivity reactions, stomatitis, glossitis, dark urine, leucopenia, neutropenia, vaginal dryness, peripheral neuropathy, central nervous system toxicity, decrease of libido, and paraesthesia etc. [2,7]. The taste of metronidazole is bitter, so it is dispensed in the in the form of metronidazole benzoate in liquid suspension. It is also delivered in the form of the capsule, tablet, and intravenous injection [7-9]. It is hazardous on skin contact, eye contact, inhalation, and ingestion. Metronidazole is slightly soluble in water, alcohol, chloroform, dilute acid, and dimethylformamide [10,11].
The physicochemical properties play a crucial role in dissolution, absorption, and bioavailability profile of the pharmaceutical or nutraceutical compounds in the human body [12]. The impact of the Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment has been proven scientifically altering the physicochemical properties such as crystallite size, particle size, surface area, thermal properties, and bioavailability profile of pharmaceutical and nutraceutical compounds [13-17]. The Trivedi Effect® is natural and the only scientifically proven phenomenon in which a person can harness this inherently intelligent energy from the universe and transmit it anywhere on the planet through the mediation of neutrinos [18]. A unique infinite and para-dimensional electromagnetic field energy field exists surrounding the body of every living organism called the “Biofield”. Biofield based Energy Therapies have been reported with significantly beneficial outcomes against various disease conditions [19]. The National Institutes of Health/National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NIH/NCCAM) recommend and included the Energy therapy under the Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) category along with Ayurvedic medicine, essential oils, traditional Chinese herbs and medicines, naturopathy, homeopathy, Tai Chi, Qi Gong, chiropractic/osteopathic manipulation, Reiki, healing touch, deep breathing, yoga, meditation, special diets, massage, progressive relaxation, relaxation techniques, guided imagery, acupuncture, acupressure, movement therapy, hypnotherapy, pilates, Rolfing structural integration, mindfulness, cranial sacral therapy, aromatherapy, and applied prayer. The CAM has been accepted by the most of the U.S. population because of many advantages [20,21]. The Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment has huge potential to alter the physicochemical, structural, and behavioral properties of organic compounds, metals, polymers, ceramics [22-26], inhibition of the microorganisms [27,28], kill cancer cells [29,30], and also improve the overall productivity of crops [31,32]. Seeing all these surprising results, this study was designed to evaluate the impact of the Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment on the physicochemical, thermal, and behavioral properties of metronidazole powder sample using Particle Size Analysis (PSA), Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)/Differential Thermogravimetric Analysis (DTG).

Material and Methods

Chemicals and reagents

Metronidazole (2-Methyl-5-nitroimidazole-1-ethanol) was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Japan. All other chemicals used during the experiments were of analytical grade available in India.

Consciousness energy healing treatment strategies

Metronidazole considered as the test sample for the experiment was divided into two equal parts. One part of the test sample was treated with the Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment remotely under standard laboratory conditions for 3 minutes and known as the Biofield Energy Treated sample. This Biofield Energy Treatment was provided through the healer’s unique energy transmission process by the renowned Biofield Energy Healer, Dahryn Trivedi, USA, to the sample of metronidazole. However, the second part of the test sample was termed as a control sample (no Biofield Energy Treatment was provided). Further, the control sample was treated with a “sham” healer for the comparison purpose. The “sham” healer did not have any knowledge about the Biofield Energy Treatment. After treatment, the Biofield Energy Treated and untreated samples were both kept in sealed conditions for the characterization using PSA, PXRD, DSC, and TGA techniques.

Characterization

Particle size analysis (PSA): The PSA of metronidazole powder sample was conducted on Malvern Mastersizer 2000, from the UK with a detection range between 0.01 μm to 3000 μm using wet method [33,34]. The sample unit (Hydro MV) was filled with a dispersant medium (sunflower oil) and the stirrer operated at 2500 rpm. The PSA analysis of metronidazole powder sample was performed to obtain the average particle size distribution. Where d(0.1) μm, d(0.5) μm, d(0.9) μm represent particle diameter corresponding to 10%, 50%, and 90% of the cumulative distribution. D(4,3) represents the average mass-volume diameter, and SSA is the specific surface area (m2/g). The calculations were done by using software Mastersizer Ver. 5.54.
The percent change in particle size (d) for Metronidazole powder at below 10% level (d10), 50% level (d50), 90% level (d90), and D(4,3) was calculated using the following equation 1:
JAMT-2474-1914-03-0009-equ1
Where dControl and dTreated are the particle sizes (μm) at below 10% level (d10), 50% level (d50), and 90% level (d90) of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated samples, respectively.
The percent change in surface area (S) was calculated using the following equation 2:
JAMT-2474-1914-03-0009-equ2
Where SControl and STreated are the surface area of the control and theBiofield Energy Treated metronidazole powder sample, respectively.
Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis: The PXRD analysis of metronidazole powder sample was performed with the help of Rigaku MiniFlex-II Desktop X-ray diffractometer (Japan) [35,36]. The Cu Kα radiation source tube output voltage used was 30 kV, and tube output current were 15 mA. Scans were performed at room temperature. The average size of individual crystallites was calculated from PXRD data using the Scherrer’s formula
G = kλ/βcosθ
Where k is the equipment constant (0.94), G is the crystallite size in nm, λ is the radiation wavelength (0.154056 nm for Kα1 emission), β is the full-width at half maximum (FWHM), and θ is the Bragg angle [37].
The percent change in crystallite size (G) of metronidazolewas calculated using the following equation 3:
JAMT-2474-1914-03-0009-equ3
Where GControl and GTreated are the crystallite size of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated samples, respectively.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC): The DSC analysis of metronidazole powder sample was performed with the help of DSC Q200, TA instruments. A sample of ~1-3 mg was loaded into the aluminium sample pan at a heating rate of 10 °C/min from 30 °C to 350 °C [33,34]. The % change in melting point (T) was calculated using the following equation 4:
JAMT-2474-1914-03-0009-equ4
Where TControl and TTreated are the melting point of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated samples, respectively.
The percent change in the latent heat of fusion (ΔH) was calculated using the following equation 5:
JAMT-2474-1914-03-0009-equ5
Where ΔHControl and ΔHTreated are the latent heat of fusion of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated metronidazole, respectively.
Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA)/ Differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTG): TGA/DTG thermo grams of metronidazole powder sample were obtained with the help of TGA Q50TA instruments. The sample of ~3-6 mg was loaded to the platinum crucible at a heating rate of 10 °C/min from 25 °C to 1000 °C with the recent literature [33,34]. The % change in Weight loss (W) was calculated using the following equation 6:
JAMT-2474-1914-03-0009-equ6
Where WControl and WTreated are the weight loss of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated metronidazole powder sample, respectively.
The % change in maximum thermal degradation temperature(Tmax) (M) was calculated using the following equation 7:
JAMT-2474-1914-03-0009-equ7
Where MControl and MTreated are the Tmax values of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated metronidazole powder sample, respectively.

Results and Discussion

Particle size analysis (PSA)

The particle size analysis of both the control and the Biofield Energy Treated metronidazole powder samples were performed, and the calculated data are presented in Table 1. The particle size values of the control powder sample at d10, d50, d90, and D(4,3) were 126.72 μm, 268.42 μm, 493.05 μm, and 290.75 μm, respectively. Similarly, the particle sizes of the Biofield Energy Treated powder sample at d10, d50, d90, and D(4,3) were 144.92 μm, 295.1 μm, 531.98 μm, and 318.08 μm, respectively. The particle size values in the Biofield Energy Treated metronidazole powder sample were significantly increased by 14.37%, 9.94%, 7.9%, and 9.41% at d10,d50,d90, and D(4,3), respectively compared to the control sample. The specific surface area of the Biofield Energy Treated metronidazole powder (0.0262 m2/g) was significantly decreased by 10.58% compared to the control sample (0.0262 m2/g). It can be presumed that the Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment might be responsible for increasing the smaller particles to larger particles of metronidazole powder sample, thus decreasing the surface area. It was reported that the particle size, shape, and surface area impact the powder flow ability, stability, solubility, dissolution rate, absorption, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy of a drug [38,39]. Thus, it was expected that the Biofield Energy Treated metronidazole sample might offer better powder flow ability, good stability, and rapid dissolving rate compared to the control sample.
JAMT-2474-1914-03-0009-tab1
Table 1: Particle size distribution of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated metronidazole powder sample.

Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis

The PXRD diffractogram of the control metronidazole powder sample shown sharp and intense peaks at Bragg’s angle (2θ) equal to 6.29°, 12.28°, 13.86°, 16.22°, 17.1°, 19.43°, 20.25°, 21.52°, 23.15°, 25.38°, 27.24°, 29.23°, 29.67°, 33.01°, 33.8°, 43.14°, and 46.52° (Figures 1). Correspondingly, the Biofield Energy Treated metronidazole showed the peaks at Bragg’s angle (2θ) equal to 6.49°, 12.64°, 14.13°, 16.55°, 17.51°, 19.55°, 20.44°, 21.84°, 23.55°, 25.53°, 27.61°, 29.07°, 29.61°, 33.28°, 33.6°, 43.68°, and 46.96° (Figures 1). The sharp and intense peaks in the diffractograms indicated that both the samples were crystalline. The control and the Biofield Energy Treated sample showed the highest peak intensity at 2θ equal to 12.28° and 12.64°, respectively (Table 2, entry 2). The peak intensities of the Biofield Energy Treated metronidazole were significantly altered ranging from -97.25% to 401.64% compared to the control sample. Likewise, the crystallite sizes of the Biofield Energy Treated metronidazole powder sample were significantly altered ranging from -63.08% to 344.35% compared to the control sample. Hence, the average crystallite size of the Biofield Energy Treated metronidazole powder sample (423.47 nm) was significantly increased by 24.4% compared to the control sample (340.41 nm).
JAMT-2474-1914-03-0009-fig1
Figure 1: PXRD diffractograms of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated metronidazole powder sample.
JAMT-2474-1914-03-0009-tab2
Table 2: PXRD data for the control and the Biofield Energy Treated metronidazole powder sample.
The alteration in the crystallite sizes and peak intensities indicated the change in the crystal morphology of the Biofield Energy Treated metronidazole powder compared to the control sample. The peak intensity of each diffraction face on the crystalline compound changes according to the crystal morphology and alterations in the XRD pattern provide proof of polymorphic transitions [40-42]. The Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment probably responsible for the production of a new polymorphic form of metronidazole through the mediation of neutrino oscillations [18]. Altered polymorphic forms of pharmaceuticals have a significant effect on the drug performance, such as bioavailability, therapeutic efficacy, and toxicity, because of their different thermodynamic and physicochemical properties from the original one [43]. Hence, it can be assumed that the Biofield Energy Treated metronidazole would be better in designing more effective pharmaceutical formulations.

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis

The thermograms of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated metronidazole samples showed the sharp endothermic peak at 161.48 °C and 161.22 °C, respectively (Figures 2). Similarly, both the control and the Biofield Energy Treated samples showed exothermic peaks at 287.52 °C and 288.13 °C, respectively (Figures 2). The experimental data closely matched to the literature reported data [10]. The melting point and decomposition temperature of the Biofield Energy Treated samples were altered by -0.16% and 0.21%, respectively compared with the control sample (Table 3). The latent heat of fusion (ΔHfusion) and latent heat of decomposition (ΔHdecomposition) of the Biofield Energy Treated metronidazole were significantly increased by 7.64% and 12.13% compared with the control sample (Table 3). The melting point has been reported to increase with increasing particle size [44,45]. The particle size data justified the decreased thermal properties of the Biofield Energy Treated metronidazole compared to the control sample.
JAMT-2474-1914-03-0009-fig2
Figure 2: DSC thermograms of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated metronidazole powder sample.
JAMT-2474-1914-03-0009-tab3
Table 3: DSC data for both control and the Biofield Energy Treated samples of metronidazole powder sample.
As per the literature, any change in the latent heat of fusion can be attributed to the disrupted molecular chains and the crystal structure [46]. Thus, it can be assumed that the Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment might have altered the molecular chains and crystal structure of the Biofield Energy Treated metronidazole molecule so that the thermal stability of the treated sample was increased compared with the control sample.

Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA)/ Differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTG)

The control and the Biofield Energy Treated samples showed one step of thermal degradation in the TGA thermograms (Figures 3). The total weight loss of the Biofield Energy Treated metronidazole sample was decreased by 1.34% more compared to the control sample (Table 4). Therefore, the residue amount was significantly increased by 76.46% in the Biofield Energy Treated sample compared to the control sample (Table 4).
JAMT-2474-1914-03-0009-fig3
Figure 3: TGA thermograms of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated metronidazole powder sample.
JAMT-2474-1914-03-0009-tab4
Table 4: TGA/DTG data of the control and Biofield Energy Treated samples of metronidazole powder sample.
The DTG thermograms of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated sample also showed one peak in the thermograms (Figures 4). The maximum thermal degradation temperature (Tmax) of the Biofield Energy Treated sample was decreased by 2.94% compared to the control sample (Table 4). Hence, the overall TGA/DTG results of metronidazole powder samples revealed that the thermal stability of the Biofield Energy Treated sample was increased compared to the control sample.
JAMT-2474-1914-03-0009-fig4
Figure 4: TGA thermograms of the control and the Biofield Energy Treated metronidazole powder sample.

Conclusion

The Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment has shown a significant effect on the particle size, surface area, crystallite size, and thermal properties of metronidazole. The particle size values in the Biofield Energy Treated metronidazole powder sample were significantly increased by 14.37%, 9.94%, 7.9%, and 9.41% at d10, d50, d90, and D(4,3) compared to the control sample. Therefore, the specific surface area of the Biofield Energy Treated powder sample was significantly decreased by 10.58% compared to the control sample. The PXRD peak intensities and crystallite sizes of the Biofield Energy Treated powder sample were significantly altered ranging from -97.25% to 401.64% and -63.08% to 344.35%, respectively compared to the control sample. The average crystallite size of the Biofield Energy Treated metronidazole powder was significantly increased by 24.4% compared with the control sample. The melting and decomposition temperature of the Biofield Energy Treated sample slightly altered compared with the control sample. However, the ΔHfusion and ΔHdecomposition were significantly increased by 7.64% and 12.13% in the treated sample compared with the control sample. The total weight loss was decreased by 1.34%; however, the residue amount was significantly increased by 76.46% in the treated sample compared with the control sample. The Tmax was altered by 2.94% in the treated sample compared with the control sample. Therefore, the Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment might lead to generate a new polymorphic form of metronidazole which would offer better powder flow ability, good stability, rapid-dissolving rate, and thermally more stable compared with the control sample. The Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treated metronidazole sample would be very useful in designing better pharmaceutical formulations that might offer better therapeutic responses against the bacterial infections in vagina (trichomoniasis), stomach infections (pseudomembranous colitis, giardiasis), liver, skin, joints (pelvic inflammatory disease, abscess of the ovaries and fallopian tubes), brain, and respiratory tract, aspiration pneumonia, wounds, rosacea, intra-abdominal infections, lung abscess, periodontitis, amoebiasis, oral infections, and other infections caused by the anaerobic microorganisms such as Bacteroides, Clostridium, Helicobacter pylori, Fusobacterium, Dracunculus, Peptostreptococcus, and Prevotella species, etc.

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